“It is not an offence to be in an offside position.”
IFAB Law 11：干擾比賽 interfering with play
“interfering with play by playing or touching a ball passed or touched by a team-mate”
IFAB Law 11：干擾對手 interfering with an opponent（四款，逐項；犯其一即成立）
“preventing an opponent from playing or being able to play the ball by clearly obstructing the opponent's line of vision · challenging an opponent for the ball · clearly attempting to play a ball which is close when this action impacts on an opponent · making an obvious action which clearly impacts on the ability of an opponent to play the ball”
IFAB Law 11：獲得利益 gaining an advantage
“gaining an advantage by playing the ball or interfering with an opponent when it has: rebounded or been deflected off the goalpost, crossbar, match official or an opponent; been deliberately saved by any opponent”
“A player in an offside position receiving the ball from an opponent who deliberately played the ball, including by deliberate handball, is not considered to have gained an advantage, unless it was a deliberate save by any opponent.”
IFAB Law 11：deliberate play 判準
“'Deliberate play' is when a player has control of the ball with the possibility of passing the ball to a team-mate, gaining possession of the ball, or clearing the ball.”
IFAB Law 11：save 定義
“A 'save' is when a player stops, or attempts to stop, a ball which is going into or very close to the goal with any part of the body except the hands/arms (unless the goalkeeper within the penalty area).”
四款逐一列出，符合其中一款即成立犯規：①清楚擋住對手（常見於門將）看球的視線，令對手無法觸球或判斷來球；②主動和對手爭搶球權；③球很接近時做出明顯動作，並因此影響到對手；④做出任何明顯動作，清楚影響對手觸球的能力。關鍵區分：若越位球員只是移動到對手前面、擋住對手的前進路線，但沒有影響對手觸球的能力，屬於一般阻擋，改依 Law 12 判罰，不算越位。
“preventing an opponent from playing or being able to play the ball by clearly obstructing the opponent's line of vision · challenging an opponent for the ball · clearly attempting to play a ball which is close when this action impacts on an opponent · making an obvious action which clearly impacts on the ability of an opponent to play the ball”
IFAB Law 11：干擾對手與一般阻擋（Law 12）的區分
“a player moving from, or standing in, an offside position is in the way of an opponent and interferes with the movement of the opponent towards the ball, this is an offside offence if it impacts on the ability of the opponent to play or challenge for the ball; if the player moves into the way of an opponent and impedes the opponent's progress (e.g. blocks the opponent), the offence should be penalised under Law 12”
“Not every touch of a player's hand/arm with the ball is an offence.”
IFAB Law 12：故意
“deliberately touches the ball with their hand/arm, for example moving the hand/arm towards the ball”
IFAB Law 12：不自然變大
“touches the ball with their hand/arm when it has made their body unnaturally bigger. A player is considered to have made their body unnaturally bigger when the position of their hand/arm is not a consequence of, or justifiable by, the player's body movement for that specific situation.”
IFAB Law 12：手臂界線
“For the purposes of determining handball offences, the upper boundary of the arm is in line with the bottom of the armpit.”
“A penalty kick is awarded if a player commits a direct free kick offence inside their penalty area or off the field as part of play as outlined in Laws 12 and 13.”
IFAB Law 12：direct free kick 定義
“A direct free kick is awarded if a player commits any of the following offences against an opponent in a manner considered by the referee to be careless, reckless or using excessive force:”
IFAB Law 12：careless / reckless / excessive force
“Careless is when a player shows a lack of attention or consideration when making a challenge or acts without precaution. No disciplinary sanction is needed. Reckless is when a player acts with disregard to the danger to, or consequences for, an opponent and must be cautioned. Excessive force is when a player exceeds the necessary use of force and/or endangers the safety of an opponent and must be sent off.”
“When the ball is kicked, the defending goalkeeper must have at least part of one foot touching, in line with, or behind, the goal line.”
IFAB Law 14：守門員犯規的三種結果
“if the goalkeeper offends: if the ball enters the goal from the kick, a goal is awarded; if the ball misses the goal or rebounds from the crossbar or goalpost(s), the kick is only retaken if the goalkeeper's offence clearly impacted on the kicker; if the ball is prevented from entering the goal by the goalkeeper, the kick is retaken”
IFAB Law 14：罰球員假動作
“feinting to kick the ball once the kicker has completed the run-up (feinting in the run-up is permitted); the referee cautions the kicker”
“The following must be considered: distance between the offence and the goal; general direction of the play; likelihood of keeping or gaining control of the ball; location and number of defenders and attackers”
IFAB Law 12：禁區內降黃例外
“Where a player commits an offence against an opponent within their own penalty area which denies an opponent an obvious goal-scoring opportunity and the referee awards a penalty kick, the offender is cautioned if the offence was an attempt to play the ball or a challenge for the ball. In all other circumstances (e.g. holding, pulling, pushing, no possibility to play the ball etc.), the offending player must be sent off.”
①一般比賽任何時候：解圍出錯、身體反彈、守門員脫手令球進入自己球門，對方就計入球，這不是特例，是 Law 10 通則的自然結果。②四種指定定位球若「直接」送入自己球門：不計入球，改判角球給對方；「直接」是指離開定位球位置後，未經任何其他球員觸碰就入網，若中途被人觸碰過才入網，就不符合「直接」的定義，回到一般烏龍球的處理，正常計入球。③這四種例外不對稱：送入自己球門即不計球、判角球；但同一種定位球若送入對方球門，直接任意球／球門球／角球都計入球；只有界外球例外，送入哪一方球門都不計入球。
“A goal is scored when the whole of the ball passes over the goal line, between the goalposts and under the crossbar, provided that no offence has been committed by the team scoring the goal.”
IFAB Law 13：任意球直接入己網／對方網
“if a direct free kick is kicked directly into the opponents' goal, a goal is awarded · if a direct or indirect free kick is kicked directly into the team's own goal, a corner kick is awarded · if an indirect free kick is kicked directly into the opponents' goal, a goal kick is awarded”
IFAB Law 15：界外球直接入己網／對方網
“if the ball enters the opponents' goal – a goal kick is awarded · if the ball enters the thrower's goal – a corner kick is awarded”
IFAB Law 16：球門球直接入己網
“A goal may be scored directly from a goal kick, but only against the opposing team; if the ball directly enters the kicker's goal, a corner kick is awarded to the opponents.”
IFAB Law 17：角球直接入己網
“A goal may be scored directly from a corner kick, but only against the opposing team; if the ball directly enters the kicker's goal, a corner kick is awarded to the opponents.”
“A goal kick is awarded when the whole of the ball passes over the goal line, on the ground or in the air, having last touched a player of the attacking team, and a goal is not scored”
IFAB Law 17：角球判定
“A corner kick is awarded when: the whole of the ball passes over the goal line, on the ground or in the air, having last touched a player of the defending team, and a goal is not scored”
裁判裁量
4 條
VAR 介入門檻與可覆核範圍
🟢IFAB 一手核實
VAR 不是「什麼都能翻」的第二裁判：只有原判是「清晰明顯的錯誤」或「嚴重漏判」，且屬於進球、十二碼、直接紅牌、認錯球員這四類，VAR 才介入；場上主裁才是最終決定者。
怎麼判
兩層門檻缺一不可：①事件類型（只限進球／十二碼／直接紅牌非二黃／認錯人四類）；②錯誤程度（clear and obvious error 或 serious missed incident）。介入後 factual 判斷由 VAR 直接告知（VAR-only review）；subjective 判斷主裁須親自看場邊回放（OFR）。VAR 只能建議，改不改判在主裁。
“A video assistant referee (VAR) is a match official, with independent access to match footage, who may assist the referee only in the event of a 'clear and obvious error' or 'serious missed incident'”
IFAB VAR Protocol：可覆核四類
“a. Goal/no goal | b. Penalty kick/no penalty kick | c. Direct red Red cards (not second yellow card/caution) | d. Mistaken identity (red or yellow card)”
IFAB VAR Protocol：subjective 判斷
“For subjective decisions, e.g. intensity of a foul challenge, interference at offside, handball considerations, an 'on-field review' (OFR) is appropriate”
IFAB VAR Protocol：最終決定權
“The final decision is always taken by the referee”
爭議接口（→爭議庭）：subjective 判定（有意識 vs 被動）VAR 只能靠 OFR，無感應器可量，連證偽都難，這是「舉證標準之爭」的制度背景。判例：葡 2-1 克 越位覆核。
“allows play to continue when an offence occurs, or a restart is incorrectly taken and the ball is in play, and the non-offending opposing team will benefit from the advantage, and penalises the offence/orders a retake if the anticipated advantage does not ensue at that time or within a few seconds”
“Allowance is made by the referee in each half for all playing time lost in that half through: substitutions; assessment and/or removal of injured players; wasting time; disciplinary sanctions; medical stoppages permitted by competition rules e.g. 'drinks' breaks (which should not exceed one minute) and 'cooling' breaks (ninety seconds to three minutes); delays relating to VAR 'checks' and 'reviews'; goal celebrations; any other cause, including any significant delay to a restart (e.g. due to interference by an outside agent)”
IFAB Law 7：最少補時
“The fourth official indicates the minimum additional time decided by the referee at the end of the final minute of each half.”
IFAB Law 7：只加不減
“The additional time may be increased by the referee but not reduced.”
“must be off the field of play within ten seconds of the substitution board being shown or, where there is no board, of the referee's signal for the substitution to take place, except where this is not possible due to safety/security or injury”
IFAB 換人時限協定：倒數機制
“The referee may visually count down the last five seconds with a raised hand; this visual countdown may be accompanied by a verbal countdown where appropriate.”
IFAB 換人時限協定：逾時後果
“If the player being substituted has not left the field of play within the ten seconds: they must still leave the field of play as quickly as possible, the substitute is not permitted to enter the field of play, play restarts, the substitution cannot be cancelled nor the substitute changed, the substitute may only enter the field of play at the first stoppage after one minute has elapsed following the restart and after receiving a signal from the referee”
